Great.... Site seems to be nothing but advertising now.
I have decided to no longer post the "Today in Texas History" stories. No one seems to care and I will not be wasting my time.
Take care, everyone.
On the trail to Texas independence.
These bits of Texas history are interesting fun things about the history of Texas independence in 1835 and 1836; they are just that, “bits”, and intended to spark t... View MoreOn the trail to Texas independence.
These bits of Texas history are interesting fun things about the history of Texas independence in 1835 and 1836; they are just that, “bits”, and intended to spark the imagination and curiosity. I do not claim to be an expert, or even amateur historian, just someone who values a good tale and admires a people with a singular purpose - LIBERTY. Besides, I’m a sucker for the underdogs.
The odds are against any group of people attempting to break free from an oppressive government and take their place among the nations of the world. As for our country, the U.S. did it in the mid 1770’s, and Texas did in the mid 1830’s. The colonists and the Texians proved they were up to the task and I believe we owe them a great deal.
Most all of the information in these posts has been gleaned from the Internet and some from college courses. There’s a wealth of knowledge out there if one is willing to take advantage of it. However, I am sure that some of this information may not be 100% accurate and some may have been enhanced by additions or demeaned by deletions by the story tellers. Some information is taken from firsthand accounts, and some by word of mouth yarn spinning. Either way, it makes a good story.
NOTE: As with any revolution, there are fits and starts. So it was with this one. During the beginning of November to mid-month in 1835, there were a few battles, and there were minor skirmishes to be sure, but mostly there were troop movements and reinforcements for the Mexican army coming up from the south. There were volunteers for the Texian army coming in from various states from the north and east. Communications being handled the way they were by messengers took a lot of time to send and to receive responses. Many loosely organized militias in Texas were being brought into the Texian army. The Consultation, having made little progress in their quest to organize, had some members taking a break to consult with their constituents.
I don’t see/hear so much wailing and gnashing of teeth as I expected, and rightfully so. Harris made a good showing and was beaten by only 3.47% of the total votes cast. Which says to me that the vote... View MoreI don’t see/hear so much wailing and gnashing of teeth as I expected, and rightfully so. Harris made a good showing and was beaten by only 3.47% of the total votes cast. Which says to me that the vote was closer than what the Electoral College votes might indicate. It also proves to me that BOTH parties are out of touch with the pulse of America.
I walked through the living room and caught one of the pundits on “The View” saying that Harris’ loss was a matter of “cultural insensitivity” or something like that. Not so, in my opinion. I believe the Democrats have moved so far to the left, that their rhetoric has left mainstream Dems wondering what the hell happened to the party. (13 million Democrats just disappeared in a single election from 2020 to 2024. Biden got ~80MM votes, while Harris got ~67MM.) Policies such as abortion on demand, taxpayer funded sex change operations, and the open border stance have all indicated a sharp left turn towards demise of our system of laws and morals. I also believe that the backlash from this is what contributed to Trump’s victory.
The Republicans are no better, with their entrenchment on policies such as no abortion under any circumstances, and the turning away from what Ronald Reagan deemed “compassionate conservatism”.
Both parties need to sit down and weed out the radicals and get back to the basics of what this country should be all about. It is spelled out in the Preamble to the Constitution:
"We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.”
Nothing more and nothing less. All the rest is BS - pure and simple. The less government the better, because “A government big enough to give you everything you need is big enough to take everything you have.” ~ spoken by Gerald R. Ford to a joint session of Congress.
Time for the American people to mandate a return to smaller government and to hell with all this extraneous BS dragging down our country.
If it's getting late where you are, please DO NOT get discouraged if the lines are long. This is a VERY important election and if you are in line at 7 PM when the polls close, they are required, by la... View MoreIf it's getting late where you are, please DO NOT get discouraged if the lines are long. This is a VERY important election and if you are in line at 7 PM when the polls close, they are required, by law, to allow you to vote.
Please, though, do not wait until the last minute to vote!
Looking for this old Dodge van. If anyone's seen it around TX, LA, OK, NM - please let me know. Thanks!
I will no longer be posting my "Today in Texas History" narrative posts.
Seems I am just pissing in the wind here. Fuck it.
Also in Texas History today.
On this day, October 22, 1836, the ad interim government at San Felipe de Austin ended with the inauguration of Sam Houston as president of the Republic of Texas.
Today in Texas History
On the trail to Texas independence.
Oct 22, 1835 - Austin made plans to scout the area around the missions of San Francisco de la Espada and San José y San Miguel de Aguayo to... View MoreToday in Texas History
On the trail to Texas independence.
Oct 22, 1835 - Austin made plans to scout the area around the missions of San Francisco de la Espada and San José y San Miguel de Aguayo to find supplies for his volunteer forces. After gathering men and materials, the party was ready to head out in five days.
Images: Stephen F. Austin, Mission San Francisco de la Espada, and Mission San José y San Miguel de Aguayo.
Today In Texas History
On the Trail to Texas Independence.
Oct 18, 1835 - Nada. Zip. Bupkis. Naught. My research has turned up nothing of any significance in Texas history over the next couple of we... View MoreToday In Texas History
On the Trail to Texas Independence.
Oct 18, 1835 - Nada. Zip. Bupkis. Naught. My research has turned up nothing of any significance in Texas history over the next couple of weeks. Minor troop movements, Texian and Mexican armies in their separate strategy meetings, waiting on communications, and I am sure other such mundane manners as resupplying the armies, etc.
Wish I had more exciting news, but it does get better, I promise...
Today in Texas History
On the trail to Texas independence.
Oct 17, 1835 - Austin moves his army to Salado Creek, ~5 miles (~8.0 km) from Béxar. Over the next several days, reinforcements and supplie... View MoreToday in Texas History
On the trail to Texas independence.
Oct 17, 1835 - Austin moves his army to Salado Creek, ~5 miles (~8.0 km) from Béxar. Over the next several days, reinforcements and supplies arrived from various English-speaking colonies. One of the new companies, commanded by James C. Neill, brought 2 new six-pounder cannons with them. The reinforcements brought the Texian official strength to 453 men, although only about 384 of them were available for duty. Meanwhile, Cós worked to fortify the town squares in San Antonio and the walls of the Alamo, a mission-turned-fort near the town and sent scouts out to recon and others to take messages to Santa Anna requesting more men and materials.
Oct 17 through November 1, 1835 - Thirty-one members of The Consultation assembled at San Felipe de Austin and recognized the legitimacy of a Permanent Council.
The Consultation was not completely representative of all of Texas - no delegates served from the war zone districts of Béxar, Goliad, Refugio, Victoria, or San Patricio, and less than half of those elected attended from Bevil, Mina, and Matagorda. A total of fifty-eight of the ninety-eight credentialed delegates attended the Consultation. These factors weakened the influence of Stephen F. Austin, who remained with the Texas army, because several of the absent delegates had strong affiliations with him. The average delegate had resided in Texas longer than seven years and was thirty-eight years old, but many of those who had been identified with the land-speculating scandals in the Coahuila and Texas state legislature or those who had strongly favored conciliation with Mexico failed to win election. Most of the representatives were from the moderate movement that had sought a course between submission and revolution.
Images: Stephen F. Austin, Salado Creek, James C. Neill, General Martin Perfecto de Cós, The Alamo, General Antonio López de Santa Anna, The Consultation at San Felipe de Austin.
Today in Texas History
On the trail to Texas independence.
Oct 16, 1835 - While Dimmitt supervised the Texian forces along the Gulf Coast; Austin led his men towards Béxar to engage Mexican General ... View MoreToday in Texas History
On the trail to Texas independence.
Oct 16, 1835 - While Dimmitt supervised the Texian forces along the Gulf Coast; Austin led his men towards Béxar to engage Mexican General Martín Perfecto de Cós and his troops. Confident that they would quickly rout the Mexican troops, many Consultation delegates at San Felipe de Austin chose to join the military. Unable to reach a quorum, the Consultation was postponed until November 1. The Texians paused 25 miles (40 km) from Béxar. Austin sent a messenger to Cós giving the requirements the Texians would need to lay down their arms and "avoid the sad consequences of the Civil War which unfortunately threatens Texas". Cós replied that Mexico would not "yield to the dictates of foreigners".
Dimmitt sends out scouting parties from Presidio La Bahia towards Fort Lipantitlán near the banks of the Nueces River in nearby San Patricio to determine Mexican troop strength.
Images: Stephen F. Austin, San Antonio de Béxar, General Martín Perfecto de Cós, The Consultation location at San Felipe de Austin, Presidio La Bahia, location of Mexican Fort Lipantitlán (2). Unfortunately, I am unable to find an image of Phillip Dimmitt.
Seems kind of funny to me that the U.S. Election Day 2024 falls on Guy Fawkes Day.
Today in Texas History
On the trail to Texas independence.
Oct 11, 1835 – Texian volunteers continued to arrive in Gonzales. The troops unanimously elected Stephen F. Austin, who had no official mil... View MoreToday in Texas History
On the trail to Texas independence.
Oct 11, 1835 – Texian volunteers continued to arrive in Gonzales. The troops unanimously elected Stephen F. Austin, who had no official military experience, to be the commander of the group that he had dubbed the “Army of the People”. From the beginning, the volunteer army proved to have little discipline. Austin's first official order was to remind his men that they were expected to obey their commanding officers. Buoyed by their victory, the Texians were determined to drive the Mexican army out of Texas, and they began preparing to march to Béxar.
Images: Gonzales, Stephen F. Austin, San Antonio de Bexar Misión San Antonio de Valero.
Today in Texas History
On the trail to Texas Independence.
(Sorry I am a bit late with this one. I'll do better.)... View MoreToday in Texas History
On the trail to Texas Independence.
(Sorry I am a bit late with this one. I'll do better.)
Oct 9, 1835 - The Battle of Goliad was the second skirmish of the Texas Revolution. In the early-morning hours of October 9, Texas settlers attacked the Mexican Army soldiers garrisoned at Presidio La Bahía, a fort near the Mexican Texas settlement of Goliad. La Bahía lay halfway between the only other large garrison of Mexican soldiers (at Presidio San Antonio de Béxar) and the then-important Texas port of Copano (near present day Bayside – on Copano Bay near Rockport).
The garrison at La Bahía was understaffed and could not mount an effective defense of the fort's perimeter. Using axes borrowed from townspeople, Texians were able to chop through a door and enter the complex before the bulk of the soldiers were aware of their presence. After a 30-minute battle, the Mexican garrison, under Colonel Juan López Sandoval, surrendered. One Mexican soldier had been killed and three others wounded, while only one Texian had been injured. The majority of the Mexican soldiers were instructed to leave Texas and the Texians confiscated $10,000 worth of provisions and several cannons, which they soon transported to the Texian Army for use in the Siege of Béxar. The victory isolated Cós’s men in Béxar from the coast, forcing them to rely on a long overland march to request or receive reinforcements or supplies.
Texas History background.
Since not much is happening on the ground concerning the Texas Revolution, I though I would provide some background color. There’s a lot of background information here, so ... View MoreTexas History background.
Since not much is happening on the ground concerning the Texas Revolution, I though I would provide some background color. There’s a lot of background information here, so you may want to grab a cuppa whatever…
1730
On a beautiful, clear Monday morning in 1730, on the island of Tenerife in the Canary Islands, Señora Granado was packing a "chest" in her room and preparing herself mentally for the longest journey of her life. Her husband, Señor Granado, could be heard shouting orders to help pack quickly since the time was near their departure to the port. The Granado Family was preparing for the most extended trip of their lives.
The journey they were embarking on would take them across a dangerous and violent ocean, then 1000 miles on land - to the other side of the earth in the Americas. Señora Granado called out to the boys, who were loading her personal property, "Please, don't forget to put my chest on the cart. I don't want to forget it".
On that Monday, along with other families from the Canary Islands, the Granado family (Juan Granado, Maria Robaina, and their twin daughters, Paula & Josefa) loaded their personal belongings on a boat in the port of Tenerife and set sail to the uncertain future to the edge of the vast Spanish Empire; to a final destination called, El Presidio San Antonio de Béxar.
It seemed that King Philip V, seeking to halt the French from expanding into Spanish-held territory in Texas, had convinced several residents from the Canary Islands to relocate and establish a permanent settlement in Texas – and the Granados were part of that mission.
Señora Granado was three months pregnant when these families departed and had just turned 27. History would remember her by her birth name, Maria Robaina de Bethéncourt. Juan Rodríguez Granado had married María Robaina de Bethéncourt while living in the Spanish Canary Islands.
María Robaina was born in 1703 in Lanzarote, Canary Islands, and was described as an attractive native of Lancerota, about 27 years old, with a good figure, slender, long face, fair complexion, black hair, and eyebrows, and a thin nose. And - a woman with a strong disposition.
Maria Robaina de Bethéncourt claimed to be a descendant of "Jean de Béthencourt," who, early in the fifteenth century, achieved the conquest of the Canary Islands for Henry III of Castile. The Bethencourt family dates back to circa 1000 A.D. in Normandy, France, where the first Bethencourt joined the Duke of Normandy in the invasion of England in 1066 (Battle of Hastings). These events occurred four hundred years before descendant Jean de Béthencourt invaded the Canary Islands in the early 1400s!
Departing on March 27, 1730, from the island of Tenerife, a contingent of 25 families braved the Atlantic in a smaller vessel, wondering if the boat would even make the Atlantic crossing. On several occasions, that small boat almost capsized in the rough Atlantic. The families feared for their lives during virtually the entire ocean voyage.
After two scary months at sea, the boat arrived in Havana, Cuba.
Ten families went on and landed the following month at Vera Cruz, Mexico, then made a long journey by land to Texas, led by Juan Leal Goraz. In Vera Cruz, Robaina lost her first husband, Juan Rodríguez Granado. Juan never had the chance to witness the birth of his son, Juan de Acuña, born about four months later, on September 15, 1730, at Cuautitlán. Maria named her newly-born son after the viceroy of New Spain, Juan de Acuña, Marqués de Casafuerte.
An epidemic of vomito, or tropical fever, had been raging throughout Vera Cruz, and several people had died too, including fellow Isleño Lucas Delgado, who died a month after Juan Rodríguez. Maria Robaina and Juan's children used Granado as their surname. Both Lucas and Juan were buried in the parish cemetery of Vera Cruz.
The last 1,000 miles of the journey would be traveled on foot. Think about that. After months at sea, Maria Robaina, her new baby, and her twin daughters still had to walk 1,000 miles to get to their new home.
When Maria Robaina arrived in San Antonio on March 9, 1731, the number of families had increased through marriages to 15. Although the group often has been described as 16 families that came to Texas, it included four single men who were counted as the 16th Family in an allotment of supplies.
In 1731, Maria Robaina de Bethencourt, head of the 14th Family, was granted the Granado homestead on the southeast corner of Main Plaza and Commerce Street in the heart of San Antonio de Béxar. It included a home on Plaza de las Islas (the main square), two large plots of land, cattle, and tools.
Within a few years after she arrived at San Antonio de Bexar, Maria married Martín Lorenzo de Armas, her second husband, the son of Roque Lorenzo de Armas and Teresa Aviles. Betancourt had more children with De Armas, and together, they owned a ranch on Cibolo Creek where they raised horses. Making a home for her family in a new land, Betancourt acquired property that became a dowry when she married her second husband, Martín Lorenzo de Armas. Widowed once again in 1769, she continued to manage the family property holdings and business interests for the rest of her life.
Maria Robaina's granddaughter, Juan de Acuña's daughter, María Josefa Granado, was born October 8, 1759, in La Villa de San Fernando. On April 17, 1776, María Josefa Granado married Fernando de Veramendi, son of Martin de Veramendi and Benita de Olagrie. Fernando de Veramendi was the man who had the Veramendi Palace built at 136 Soledad Street near San Fernando Church (The site of the "roof fight" during the Storming of the Veramendi Palace in late 1835).
The contributions of this courageous pioneer woman to our State in its infancy and her contributions to our cultural heritage are immense. But hers is also a story of bravery in the face of overwhelming hardships, a tale of personal fortitude and survival. Her example should continue to inspire every one of us, and one that is relevant to this day: The quest for a better life in a new land.
Maria Robaina de Bethéncourt Granado De Armas was a strong and true pioneer woman of this great State, and many future members of the Tejano Volunteer Company of our Texas Revolution carried her DNA.
This post is dedicated to all of Maria Robaina's descendants living today in Texas and worldwide who continue to carry the torch handed down to them by Maria Robaina, a true pioneer woman of our past, to benefit this great State.
The details of her Will, filed in 1779, provide insight into everyday life during that era as well as her religious devotion and wealth, which was notable.
Maria's Will listed not only her home and land holdings, complete with irrigation rights, but also herds of cattle and horses, a branding iron, and personal items, including 15 images of saints, a mattress, a quilt, a woolen skirt, - and a "chest" she had brought from the Canary Islands.
August 18, 1813
The Battle of Medina was fought approximately 20 miles south of San Antonio de Bexar (modern-day downtown San Antonio in the U.S. state of Texas) as part of the Mexican War of Independence against Spanish authority in Mexico. Spanish troops led by General José Joaquín de Arredondo defeated republican forces (calling themselves the Republican Army of the North), consisting of Tejano-Mexican and Tejano-American revolutionaries participating in the Gutiérrez–Magee Expedition, under General José Álvarez de Toledo y Dubois. It was the deadliest battle in Texas history.
September, 1835
Sep 01, 1835- Correo-San Felipe affair. Texas armed schooner San Felipe exchanges fire with and captures Mexican Navy armed schooner Correo de Majica with help of small steamer Laura. Arguably the first shots in the conflict.
Sep 08, 1835 – Stephen F. Austin had previously published in his “Exposition to the Public Regarding the Affairs of Texas” that Texas wanted to be a separate Mexican state, not an independent nation. However, Austin reverses himself and now calls for war with Mexico to secure the freedom of Texas.
Sep 20, 1835 - Mexican general Martín Perfecto de Cós and his army landed at Copano on their way to Goliad and Béxar
Sep 28, 1835 - Juan Seguín, Salvador Flores, Manuel Flores and a group of Béxar locals hold a meeting near Floresville, Texas and declare their support and readiness to take up arms in favor of a revolution.
Albert Martin is selected as Captain of the Gonzales "Old 18" defenders.
The Lone Star Republic
-Don Gray, reporting from Gonzales, Texas, September 28, 1835
"Gonzales Seeks Aid in Anticipation of Mexican Army Troops
Dispatched from San Antonio de Bexar to Retrieve Cannon at Gonzales"
Word has quickly spread throughout the Texian colonies that the citizens of Gonzales will soon need assistance in addressing the Mexican troops expected to soon return to Gonzales to retrieve the cannon that the Mexican Army had loaned for protection from Comanche attacks. Rumors abound in the area that Mexican troops left San Antonio de Bexar yesterday headed to retrieve the cannon at Gonzales (after the cannon’s return was denied by the Alcalde of Gonzales a few days ago). Stephen F. Austin, one of the most respected men in Texas and the de facto leader of the settlers, has sent messengers to inform surrounding communities of the situation. Austin cautions Texians to remain on the defensive and not on the offensive, as any unprovoked attacks against Mexican forces could limit the support Texians might receive from the United States if war eventually officially begins.
"Tejano Leaders Declare Support for Taking Up Arms"
Tejano leaders Juan Seguín, Salvador Flores, Manuel Flores and a group of Béxar locals held a meeting today near Floresville, Texas and declare their support and readiness to take up arms in favor of a revolution.
The Lone Star Republic
-Don Gray, reporting from Gonzales, Texas, September 29, 1835
"100 Mexican Army Troops Arrive in Gonzales to Retrieve Cannon"
When Mexican Lieutenant Francisco de Castañeda and 100 Mexican Army troops neared Gonzales on September 29, to force the settlers to return the cannon they had been given in 1831,
they found that the settlers had removed the ferry and all other boats from the Guadalupe River. As a result, the advance of Mexican Army to Gonzales was stalled on the west side of the river due to not being able to cross the river. On the east side of the swiftly moving river the Army saw eighteen Texians in wait of the much larger Mexican Army. Albert Martin, captain of the Gonzales militia, informed the Mexican soldiers that Alcalde Ponton was out of town, and until his return the Mexican Army must remain on the west side of the river.
With no easy way to cross the river, Castañeda and his men made camp at the highest ground in the area, about 300 yards (300 meters) from the river. Three Texian s hurried to bury the cannon in a nearby peach orchard, while others traveled to nearby communities to ask for assistance. By the end of the day, more than 80 men had arrived from Fayette and Columbus to assist.
Today in Texas History
On the trail to Texas independence.
Oct 5, 1835 - Before fighting had officially erupted, Mexican Presidente Antonio López de Santa Anna had realized that stronger measures we... View MoreToday in Texas History
On the trail to Texas independence.
Oct 5, 1835 - Before fighting had officially erupted, Mexican Presidente Antonio López de Santa Anna had realized that stronger measures were needed to ensure calm in Texas. He ordered his brother-in-law, General Martín Perfecto de Cós to bring approximately 500 soldiers to Texas. General Cós and his men arrived in Goliad after the battle at Gonzales. Having learned of the events at Gonzales, and realizing they were too late to help, the soldiers marched toward San Antonio de Béxar.
Images: Antonio López de Santa Anna, General Martín Perfecto de Cós, Goliad, Gonzales, San Antonio de Béxar.
Today in Texas History
On the trail to Texas Independence.
Oct 4, 1835 - Two days after the Battle of Gonzales, Stephen F. Austin wrote to the San Felipe de Austin Committee of Public Safety, "War i... View MoreToday in Texas History
On the trail to Texas Independence.
Oct 4, 1835 - Two days after the Battle of Gonzales, Stephen F. Austin wrote to the San Felipe de Austin Committee of Public Safety, "War is declared - public opinion has proclaimed it against a Military despotism - the campaign has commenced". News of the skirmish, originally called "the fight at Williams' place", spread throughout the United States, encouraging many adventurers to come to Texas and assist in the fight against Mexico. Newspapers referred to the conflict as the "Lexington of Texas"; as the Battles of Lexington and Concord began the American Revolution, the Gonzales skirmish launched the Texas Revolution.
Note: Thomas Williams was one of Austin’s original 300 settlers, having been given a land grant around 1821. Thomas Johnson Williams, his son, fought at the Battle of San Jacinto in April, 1836.
Images: Stephen F. Austin, Gonzales, Thomas Johnson Williams.
The reason why I asked if there was interest in my post about the Texas Revolution is 2-fold. I do not wish to be seen as trying to "take over" this site with the number of posts I make; and I enjoy b... View MoreThe reason why I asked if there was interest in my post about the Texas Revolution is 2-fold. I do not wish to be seen as trying to "take over" this site with the number of posts I make; and I enjoy being reminded from time to time how my adopted state came to be first and independent nation, and then part of of a mighty union. I hope my passion helps to educate those new to Texas and impart a sense of our heritage.
On the trail to Texas independence.
These bits of Texas history are interesting fun things about the history of Texas independence in 1835 and 1836; they are just that, “bits”, and intended to spark the imagination and curiosity. I do not claim to be an expert, or even amateur historian, just someone who values a good tale and admires a people with a singular purpose - LIBERTY. Besides, I’m a sucker for the underdogs.
The odds are against any group of people attempting to break free from an oppressive government and take their place among the nations of the world. As for our country, the U.S. did it in the mid 1770’s, and Texas did in the mid 1830’s. The colonists and the Texians proved they were up to the task and I believe we owe them a great deal.
Most all of the information in these posts has been gleaned from the Internet and some from college courses. There’s a wealth of knowledge out there if one is willing to take advantage of it. However, I am sure that some of this information may not be 100% accurate and some may have been enhanced by additions or demeaned by deletions by the story tellers. Some information is taken from firsthand accounts, and some by word of mouth yarn spinning. Either way, it makes a good story.
The Texas Revolution (October 2, 1835 – April 21, 1836) began when colonists (primarily from the United States) in the Mexican province of Texas rebelled against the increasingly centralist Mexican government. After a decade of political and cultural clashes between the Mexican government and the increasingly large population of American settlers in Texas, hostilities erupted in October 1835. Texians (English-speaking settlers) disagreed on whether the ultimate goal was independence or a return to the Mexican Constitution of 1824. While delegates at the Consultation (provisional government) debated the war's motives, Texians and a flood of volunteers from the United States defeated the small garrisons of Mexican soldiers by mid-December 1835.
The Consultation declined to declare independence and installed an interim government, whose infighting led to political paralysis and a dearth of effective governance in Texas. An ill-conceived proposal to invade Matamoros siphoned much-needed volunteers and provisions from the fledgling Texas army. In March 1836, a second political convention declared independence and appointed leadership for the new Republic of Texas.
Determined to avenge Mexico's honor, President Antonio López de Santa Anna vowed to personally retake Texas. His Army of Operations entered Texas in mid-February 1836 and found the Texians completely unprepared. Mexican General José de Urrea led a contingent of troops on the Goliad Campaign up the Texas coast, defeating all Texian troops in his path and executing most of those who surrendered.
Here are some of the sources I used. I am sure there were more, but my memory is –well – it is what it is. LOL…
In no particular order:
Texas A&M
Earlytexashistory(.)com
Wikipedia
Historical Commission of Harris County
Texas State Historical Association
Texas Bob
Bullock Museum
Andrews(.)edu
Sons of DeWitt Colony Texas
Sanjacinto-museum(.)org
Britannica(.)com
Tejano Volunteer Company page on Facebook
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