Today in Texas History
(Thankfully short.)
On the trail to Texas independence.
... View MoreToday in Texas History
(Thankfully short.)
On the trail to Texas independence.
Apr 23, 1836 - Secretary of War, Thomas J. Rusk, directs Benjamin Cromwell Franklin to head to Galveston and tell David G. Burnet, President of Texas, of the defeat of Santa Anna at San Jacinto.
The volunteer cavalry company under John A. Quitman arrive at San Jacinto. They will be put into use to guard the Mexican army as they head westerly.
Dispatches reach General Urrea to join Filisola at Fort Bend immediately. Urrea was fixing to attack Galveston where the Texas cabinet were located.
The New Orleans Bee writes on US General Gaines possibly crossing the Texas border to get involved in the war. "If Gaines enters Texas with his forces, he exceeds his authority, no matter on what pretext."
Today in Texas History
On the trail to Texas independence.
(Yet another long one.)
Apr 22, 1836 - Don Miguel Aguirre, the captain of the Tampico Regiment that was acting as General Santa Anna’s gua... View MoreToday in Texas History
On the trail to Texas independence.
(Yet another long one.)
Apr 22, 1836 - Don Miguel Aguirre, the captain of the Tampico Regiment that was acting as General Santa Anna’s guards arrived in General Vincente Filisola’s camp on the Brazos River at Old Fort with the news of the total destruction of the Mexican army at San Jacinto. Aguirre was wounded in his escape. A few soldiers and domestics also arrived and confirmed the news. Filisola was unsure about marching to Santa Anna’s aid (if Santa Anna was still alive) and risk the death of all Mexican prisoners by the Texian’s hands. The alternative was to pull back to the Colorado River and request instructions from Mexico City. The Mexican Army was spread out over twelve leagues along the Brazos River from Old Fort to Brazoria where Urrea had arrived that morning. First, Filisola had to concentrate the army and then decide which course of action to take.
Sergeant J.A. Sylvester and his men, Joel W. Robinson, Joseph D. Vermillion, Alfred H. Miles, and David Cole, found a Mexican private hiding in tall grass near Vince’s Bayou. As Sylvester and his men took their captive back to the Texan camp, they realized he was more than just a common soldier. The captured Mexicans, held in a makeshift stockade, recognized the new prisoner. Many stood at attention while others cried “El Presidente!”
Along with the Mexican cannon, dubbed "The Golden Standard," the Twin Sisters were stationed at the prisoner-of-war camp in a threatening manner.
From the dispatches of Colonel Alexander Horton, Sam Houston's aide-de-camp:
"The troops combed the area for Mexican soldiers who had escaped the carnage and capture yesterday evening. Stragglers came in all day long. Many were lone soldiers who had been captured, then given a paper and told to report to the prisoner-of-war camp. Some were escorted in. As one group arrived the Mexican prisoners became excited and began yelling "General, General." James Sylvester of Colonel Sherman’s company from Kentucky had spied a Mexican walking east of Vince’s bridge and with the help of Messrs. Alfred H. Miles, Joseph Vermillion and Charles P. Thompson apprehended him. There was later some confusion as to who else was present. Joel W. Robison and Sion R. Bostick were possibly nearby. David Cole and Anderson Barclay would later also claimed to have been there. But Sylvester delivered the prisoner to the camp guard and left before the identity was revealed. Houston sent for Sylvester and acknowledged that it was he who captured Santa Anna.
"Santa Anna was quickly taken to Sam Houston where he formally surrendered to the injured Houston. Translators were brought in and a somewhat cordial conversation ensued. The troops were urging Houston to let them string Santa Anna up for the atrocities he had committed but Houston obviously felt that Santa Anna was more important, and useful, as a prisoner than a corpse. A tent was set up nearby for Santa Anna with sufficient guards to prevent his escape, or harm coming to him.
"The captured Mexican troops feared that they would be murdered but soon realized that was not to be. The wounded were treated. Blankets and a fire were provided. However, Santa Anna would not allow them to bury their dead brethren.
"The day was also spent in collecting 'the spoils of war.' Colonel John Forbes was to make an accounting and then Houston would determine a disposition. It is rumored that most of it would be auctioned off and the money distributed to the men. A portion was to be given to the Texas Navy since they were effective in preventing supplies from reaching the Mexican Army."
The fighting for freedom was over and the building of a new nation was just beginning. Although a prisoner-of-war and officially with no authority, Mexican General Santa Anna instructed second in command General Filisola to withdraw the 2,500 troops stationed on the Brazos River. Filisola did not have to honor the orders, but because of Santa Anna’s forceful reputation, he acquiesced. As was noted at the time, God smiled on Texas and caused such a rain that the retreating Mexican Army got stuck in the mud along the San Bernard River. By the time they dug their way out and crossed the Colorado River, they had lost the will to continue to fight.
For those that would like to read more about the events, see Stephen Moore’s "18 Minutes" and then Gregg Dimmick’s "Sea of Mud".
The consequences of that freedom changed world history. Because of the small 18 minute battle, eventually approximately one million square miles of land changed hands from Mexico to the United States. The results elevated that event, located in Harris County, just a few miles from San Jacinto, and enshrined the Battle of San Jacinto as one of the most important battles in world history. The United States completed its westward expansion and became a bi-coastal nation. From that position it was able to build itself into a world power. That’s a Texas fact, not a Texas myth.
As the next few days progressed, officials from Mexico and the new Republic of Texas negotiated the Treaty of Velasco. Texas soldiers took Santa Anna to Velasco so he could sign the treaty, which recognized the independence of Texas. The Treaties of Velasco were two documents signed at Velasco, Texas (now Surfside Beach, Texas) on May 14, 1836, between Antonio López de Santa Anna of Mexico and the Republic of Texas. Texas officials then sent Santa Anna back to Mexico via the United States. He fought the French in 1838, losing a leg in battle, and led the Mexican army to defeat in the U.S.-Mexican War (Apr 25, 1846 – Feb 2, 1848). He remained in and out of the Mexican limelight - sometimes in exile in Cuba - until retiring in 1874 to write his memoirs in Mexico City.
Pictures: the painting "The Surrender of Santa Anna" by William Henry Huddle. Other important historical figures shown in the painting include General Sam Houston, the famous Texas scout Erastus "Deaf" Smith (bottom right with rifle), Secretary of War Thomas Jefferson Rusk (leaning against tree), and Colonel Mirabeau B. Lamar (behind Rusk), who later became the second president of the Republic of Texas.
The original painting hangs at the Texas Capitol.
Today in Texas History
On the trail to Texas independence.
(Another really long one)
... View MoreToday in Texas History
On the trail to Texas independence.
(Another really long one)
April 21, 1836 - The Battle of San Jacinto
General Vincente Filisola and the main Mexican Army camped at Thompson’s Ferry with 1,408 men. General José de Urrea with 1,165 men left Mrs. Powell’s home at 4 a.m. and arrived at Columbia at 4 p.m., which was deserted. He then marched to its port (La Puerta) two miles distance. General Martín Perfecto de Cós arrives with 500 reinforcements to aid Santa Anna.
Not long after the Mexican reinforcements arrived, Houston ordered Erastus “Deaf” Smith to destroy Vince's Bridge, 5 mi (8 km) away, to slow down any further Mexican reinforcements At 4 p.m. the Texians began creeping quietly through the tall grass, including members of Company C commanded by Captain Jesse Billingsley, pulling the cannon behind them. The Texian cannon fired at 4:30, beginning the battle of San Jacinto. The Twin Sisters were towed by rawhide ropes by the cannon crew to the rise that separated the two armies. On the command, the Twins opened fire. They were used "with terrible affect" on the Mexican Army. After a single volley, Texians broke ranks and swarmed over the Mexican breastworks to engage in hand-to-hand combat. Mexican soldiers were taken by surprise. Santa Anna, Castrillón, and Almonte yelled often conflicting orders, attempting to organize their men into some form of defense. Within 18 minutes, Mexican soldiers abandoned their campsite and fled for their lives. The killing lasted for hours.
Houston and Rusk, attempted to stop the slaughter, but they were unable to gain control of the men. Texians continued to chant "Remember the Alamo! Remember Goliad!" while frightened Mexican infantry yelled "Me no Alamo!" and begged for mercy to no avail. In what historian Davis called "one of the most one-sided victories in history", 650 Mexican soldiers were killed and 300 captured. Eleven Texians died, with 30 others, including Houston, wounded.
Although Santa Anna's troops had been thoroughly vanquished, they did not represent the bulk of the Mexican army in Texas. An additional 4,000 troops remained under the commands of General José de Urrea and General Vicente Filisola. Texians had won the battle due to mistakes made by Santa Anna, and Houston was well aware that his troops would have little hope of repeating their victory against Urrea or Filisola. As darkness fell, a large group of prisoners were led into camp. Houston initially mistook the group for Mexican reinforcements and shouted out that all was lost.
Sam Houston was wounded, shattering an ankle during the battle. Historians disagree on which one, however. Some accounts say it was his right ankle such as Marshall DeBruhl's 1993 biography "Sword of San Jacinto," inspired by the 200th anniversary of Sam Houston's March 2, 1793 birth date, stated:
"As he went down, he felt an unbearable pain in his right ankle. It had been shattered by a musket ball. Ignoring the wound he mounted yet another horse and rode on, his boot filling with blood." Others insist it was his left ankle. Sam Houston State University, where Trace Guthrie's smaller 1979 statue of Sam Houston resides, that is also in the university's official seal, has his cane in the left hand. In addition, there are several painting of Houston resting against an oak tree with his left ankle bandaged.
From the dispatches of Alexander Horton, Sam Houston's aide-de-camp:
"Our Commander slept unusually late this morning, well after the 6 a.m. sunrise. At about 10 a.m. Mexican General Cós arrived with 400 men. He had left 100 men at the difficult Sims Bayou crossing moving the baggage and ammunition across. The camp was all excited that the Mexicans now had fresh troops which might affect the outcome of the inevitable battle. Houston attempted to down play the event, saying that it was a rouse. Houston claimed that Santa Anna had sent a company out under cover and then marched them into camp with great fanfare to discourage the Texians.
"Unbeknownst to the camp, Deaf Smith approached Houston for permission to destroy Vince’s bridge in order to impede any additional re-enforcements. Houston agreed and told him to return quickly. At noon Houston called the first Council of War for the campaign. Houston, Rusk and 8 officers discussed the options. A senior ranking officers were against attacking the Mexicans that day, but rather wait for the Mexicans to attack the Texian’s defendable position. The younger officers want to attack immediately. Houston made no decision and dismissed the meeting at 2 p.m.
"Houston felt that a surprise attack in the afternoon might be victorious. It had been observed that Santa Anna had allowed Cós’ men to rest, had permitted the rest of the camp to take lunch and a siesta, had allowed the cavalry to unsaddle their horses to water and feed them and best of all, Santa Anna had failed to post sentries to watch the Texian camp. Houston could form up his army in a low impression in front of his camp without being seen by the Mexican Army. The army could march to within 200 yards of the Mexican breastworks without being spotted. The element of surprise was in his favor.
"At 3 p.m. Houston announced that all companies should be assembled for battle. At 3:30 a line, two men deep, spread out 900 yards in the gulley in front of the camp. Houston visited with each company. At 4 p.m. he issued the order to "Trail Arms! Forward!" Sidney Sherman was in charge of the second brigade on the left flank. Edward Burleson commanded the first brigade on Sherman’s right. In the center the Twin Sisters advanced with protection provided by Millard’s Regular troops. On the right flank newly promoted Lamar lead the cavalry.
"At 4:30 p.m. Sherman’s men invaded the camp of General Cós’ resting troops. Panic quickly developed among the Mexican soldiers and they rushed behind the breastworks for protection. That flood of soldiers disrupted the orderly assembly of the main body of the Mexican Army. About that moment the rest of the Texian Army crested the ridge and began firing randomly which shouting "Remember the Alamo" and "Remember Goliad." To the professional Mexican soldiers it appeared as if they were being attacked by savages. The Twin Sisters began pumping canister shot into the midst of the Mexican camp. The Mexican cannon got off three shots before its crew was killed. Santa Anna emerged from his tent to witness chaos and confusion. He quickly realized the battle was lost and mounted a nearby horse to escape. He knew Filisola had approximately 2,500 troops near Old Fort and Santa Anna took the road back to Filisola by way of Harrisburg. His cavalry followed. Without effective leaders the Mexican infantry broke and ran. The Texians crossed the Mexican breastworks in about 18 minutes as the leaderless infantry scattered.
"Although Houston called for his men to stop, the battle had been won, he was generally ignored as the Texian volunteers sought to extract revenge for their fallen comrades at the Alamo and at Goliad. By sunset about 6 p.m. some 600 Mexicans died. Those that surrendered were guarded by officers. Meanwhile Santa Anna’s escape was impeded by the destruction of Vince’s Bridge. Most of the Mexican cavalry had been shot en route to Vince’s and Santa Anna and three others went into hiding among bushes at dusk."
The Lone Star Republic
-Don Gray, reporting from the confluence of the San Jacinto River and Buffalo Bayou, April 21, 1836
MEXICAN ARMY REINFORCEMENTS ARRIVE, HOUSTON SUBMITS HIS BATTLE PLAN FOR APPROVAL
About nine o'clock this morning Sam Houston learned that Mexican Army General Martín Perfecto de Cos had crossed Vince's Bridge earlier in the morning with about 540 troops and had swelled the enemy forces to about 1,500. Houston then ordered Erastus (Deaf) Smith to destroy the bridge and prevent further enemy reinforcements. The move would prevent the retreat of either the Texans or the Mexicans towards Harrisburg.
General Cos is a son-in-law to Santa Anna. The “Siege of Bexar” ended in December 1835 when Cos surrendered control of the Alamo to Texan forces and returned in shame to Mexico after promising to take not further steps against a return to the Mexican Constitution of 1824. Cos almost immediately returned to Texas and commanded a unit of troops at the Battle of the Alamo in March 1836. His role at the Battle of the Alamo was in contrast to his prior promise to not take steps to oppose a return to the Constitution of 1824.
Shortly before noon today, Houston held a council of war with Edward Burleson, Sidney Sherman, Henry W. Millard, Alexander Somervell, Joseph L. Bennett, and Lysander Wells. Two of the officers suggested attacking the enemy in his position; the others favored waiting Santa Anna's attack (with Santa Anna’s attack expected to be on April 22). Houston withheld his own views at the council. However, following the council, Houston prepared a written plan of battle and submitted it to Secretary of War Thomas J. Rusk for approval. Details of Houston’s battle plan are not yet known. The plans are awaiting approval by Rusk. Options would likely include the Texans attacking on April 21 or 22, or waiting to defend the attack of the Mexican Army on possibly April 22.
-Don Gray
This is a long one. Maybe consider grabbing a cup of coffee first.
Today in Texas History
On the trail to Texas independence.... View MoreThis is a long one. Maybe consider grabbing a cup of coffee first.
Today in Texas History
On the trail to Texas independence.
Apr 20, 1836 - Captain Miguel Barragan brought the news to General Antonio López de Santa Anna at 8 a.m. that Houston was in the area. The Mexican army was preparing to march and had torched the warehouse on the wharf & all houses. Santa Anna was surprised at the news about Houston and recklessly rushed to the head of the column, running over troops and pack animals. At 2 p.m. the Mexican Army came in sight of the Texian camp. The Texians were camped in a wooded area with only the two small cannon visible. The initial confrontation began as an artillery duel. Mexican skirmishers tried to engage the Texian troops, but were unsuccessful. Realizing that there would not be a battle that day, Santa Anna set up camp in what was determined to be an unsuitable location. Colonel Pedro Delgado was left in charge of the cannon, but his pack animals were confiscated to bring up the troops gear. The Texian cavalry attempted to capture the exposed cannon, but the Mexican dragoons drove them off. About 5 p.m., the cannonade and the cavalry duel ended and the armies retired for the evening. General Vincente Filisola and most of the other generals in the field were at Old Fort. General José de Urrea marched from the San Bernard to the home of Mrs. Powell and camped there.
The Interim Texas government continued its business at Galveston on board the Cayuga, the temporary capitol. President David G. Burnet again sent word to Houston urging him to attack Santa Anna.
From the dispatches of Colonel Alexander Horton, General Sam Houston's aide-de-camp:
"Scarcely were the fires set last night when the call to march was received. We marched into the rising sun and reached Lynch’s ferry to learn that the enemy had not crossed. We withdrew to a high wooded ridge about a half-mile back and set up camp. Our scouts encountered a contingency of lancers and banished them in gallant style. It was learned that Generalissimo Santa Anna has put New Washington to the torch and is headed in our direction.
"Contact has been made with the villainous enemy that struck down our brothers at the Alamo and at Goliad. The main body of our army was concealed in the timber along Buffalo bayou so as to deny Santa Anna the knowledge of our true strength. Col. James Neill commanded our two cannons and from a forward position exchanged fire with the lone Mexican cannon of superior caliber. Col. Neill was wounded (replaced by Col. G.W. Hockley) and the Mexican piece was damaged and one of her artillerymen wounded. Col. Sherman advanced with the cavalry in an attempt to capture the disabled Mexican cannon, but was driven back by Mexican Dragoons. Private Mirabeau Lamar made a valiant defense, which spared the life of our beloved Secretary of War, Thomas Rusk. General Houston honored Lamar by elevating him to commander of the cavalry. Since both Houston and Santa Anna declined to present their full armies to the engagement, the skirmish ended and the Mexican army withdrew to establish its camp.
"The demand for vengeance and the small victorious moments today has elevated the spirits of the men. It will be hard to keep them calm tonight as surely a decisive battle will be waged tomorrow."
The Lone Star Republic
-Don Gray, reporting from the confluence of the San Jacinto River and Buffalo Bayou, April 20, 1836
SANTA ANNA AND SAM HOUSTON READY TO BATTLE!
Today Santa Anna and some 1,000 troops within his Mexican Army crossed Vince’s Bridge near San Jacinto Bay and made camp on an open plain between two wooded bayous. They are camped with their backs to a large swamp. Since Vince’s Bridge is the only way off of the plain, it appears that Santa Anna is confident of his success and is not concerned about planning an exit strategy. The single bridge renders a hasty exit impossible.
It is believed that some 500 Mexican reinforcements will arrive tomorrow morning to strengthen Santa Anna’s unit. Scouts report that Santa Anna also has some additional 2,500 troops near the Brazos River, a two days march away from Santa Anna.
When asked why the Texas Army does not attack prior to the arrival of the 500 reinforcements, Houston replied “Why take two bites out of the same cherry?” Apparently Houston thinks that is better to attack 1,500 troops at once instead of in separate actions (i.e., “bites”). Houston’s aides added that Houston is concerned over the 500 reinforcements possibly arriving from the rear of the Texas Army while the Texas Army is battling Santa Anna’s unit. Houston feels it is important to have all 1,500 of the Mexican troops in front of him than at the front and rear. Thus, Houston opts to delay attack until after the arrival of Santa Anna’s 500 reinforcements. The 2,500 reinforcements near the Brazos River are not a concern since they are two days away from rendering aid to Santa Anna.
Spies report that those with Santa Anna spent a part of the day preparing defensive positions for the forthcoming battle. It appears there is much work left to be done at Santa Anna’s camp, suggesting that April 21 will be used by the Mexican Army to complete their fortifications in preparation for battle possibly on the morning of April 22.
-Don Gray
Today in Texas History
On the trail to Texas independence.
Apr 19, 1836 - General Antonio López de Santa Anna is still at New Washington. He sent Captain Miguel Barragan with some dragoons to check ... View MoreToday in Texas History
On the trail to Texas independence.
Apr 19, 1836 - General Antonio López de Santa Anna is still at New Washington. He sent Captain Miguel Barragan with some dragoons to check out the Lynchburg Crossing. Meanwhile supplies were being loaded onto a boat to float to Lynch’s in anticipation of the Mexican Army crossing at that point. Colonel Juan N. Almonte went to repair a boat at the house of Mr. Jacob Routh. General Vincente Filisola was moving troops over at Old Fort to the east side of the Brazos River. General Antonio Gaona arrived at Old Fort. Urrea camped on the San Bernard in anticipation of crossing and moving on Brazoria.
The Interim Texas Government is located at Galveston. Word was received that Houston had arrived at Harrisburg with the Texian Army in pursuit of Santa Anna. The business of the republic was conducted on the Cayuga, the temporary capitol. The Cayuga was an eighty-eight-ton side-wheeler, 96'11" long, 17'4" wide, and 5'4" deep. She had one deck, two boilers, a high-compression engine, a cabin on deck, a plain head, and a pointed stern.
From the dispatches of Alexander Horton, Sam Houston's aide-de-camp:
"This morning the army began crossing Buffalo bayou about a half mile below the remaining rear guard camp. An old ferryboat was repaired using the flooring from a nearby cabin that was owned by Isaac Batterson. It’s main use was to transport the cannons across, weapons and ammunition, and what men that did not swim or ride their horses across. The landing on the opposite shore was a few paces below the mouth of Sims’ bayou. The crossing took the greater part of the daylight and the army was on the move by dusk. Near the bridge over Vince’s bayou Santa Anna had camped a few days earlier and his extinct campfires were in evidence. The march continued along the very wet, muddy plain, following the tracks of the enemy, for another couple of miles. The army was allowed to rest at a small ravine in the open prairie. While it was not a camp in the conventional sense of the word, some of the men took the opportunity to set fires and cook what game and cattle could be conveniently had nearby. Others cleaned their weapons while I composed this report. Few slept.
"Ahead of us is the despotic serpent of Mexico. Behind us is the balance of his merciless army. There is no turning back from this course of action. Blood will flow. Our just cause, and a passion for vengeance, will give us the strength to strike this blow for freedom. All will be gained, or lost, soon."
The Lone Star Republic
-Don Gray, reporting from the Harrisburg, Texas, April 19, 1836
TEXAS ARMY IS ON SANTA ANNA’S TRAIL
A determined Texas Army marched through the looted and burned out remains of Harrisburg today, the former temporary capital of the Republic of Texas, in route to soon do battle with the Mexican Army.
Sources report that Sam Houston, age 43, now has positive information that Santa Anna is in charge of the troops that left Harrisburg in ruins. Santa Anna’s troops are reportedly crossing Buffalo Bayou into the San Jacinto area.
An officer close to Houston says “There are only one or two ways in or out of the swamp there, and that is what Houston has been waiting for”. Houston has been maneuvering carefully and cautiously, despite the urgings of his troops and officers to stand and fight the numerically superior Mexican Army. Santa Anna has about 1,200 troops now with him, and another 4,800 troops nearby but split into two other units. Santa Anna’s total troops, some 6,000 strong are split into three units to try an encircle Houston’s army. Houston has been waiting for just this moment in hopes of first doing battle with the unit containing Santa Anna. If Houston plays it right, he may be able to get Santa Anna’s unit pinned with their backs against the bayou and with the two other units too far away to render immediate aid.
-Don Gray
Today in Texas History
On the trail to Texas independence.
Apr 18, 1836 - General Antonio López de Santa Anna arrives at New Washington/Morgan’s Point about noon. General don Adrián Woll arrived at ... View MoreToday in Texas History
On the trail to Texas independence.
Apr 18, 1836 - General Antonio López de Santa Anna arrives at New Washington/Morgan’s Point about noon. General don Adrián Woll arrived at Old Fort. General Antonio Gaona has reached San Felipe and is marching on through to get to Old Fort with the rest of the Mexican Army. General José de Urrea is in the woods along the San Bernard River.
There being no accommodations on Galveston Island for the cabinet members and their wives and families, the Texas interim government officials stayed on the ship.
General Sam Houston and his army arrive outside of Harrisburg. A message from President David G. Burnet was received by Houston urging him to attack Santa Anna.
From the dispatches of Colonel Alexander Horton, Sam Houston's aide-de-camp:
"We arrived opposite Harrisburg about noon and witnessed the smoking ruins of the city. The army established camp down river about 800 yards. Erastus “Deaf” Smith with Henry Wax Karnes crossed over the river, called Buffalo bayou, and set out to spy on the enemy. They returned jubilantly with captured couriers and a report confirming the location of Santa Anna at New Washington. This is less than a day’s march from this spot. With only 500 men, Santa Anna is in a most vulnerable position. General Sam Houston, with the council of Secretary of War Rusk, is busy at work on a plan of action.
"Although General Houston and Secretary Rusk put out a General Appeal to the people of Texas to rally to the cause, it is too late to wait for additional supplies and volunteers. Victory goes to the swift. The camp has been put on alert that we cross the Buffalo tomorrow and will march to our destiny.
"The army has moved quickly to this point and many men are sick and infirm. Without proper transport, the crossing of the bayou will be difficult. The army can not be burdened with supply wagons during this final assault, but must arrange to carry the cannons across. A rear guard camp will be established with sufficient effective men to protect the infirm and baggage. Those men selected to move forward were instructed to travel light and prepare rations to carry. The night was passed in anticipation."
The Lone Star Republic
-Don Gray, reporting from the Harrisburg, Texas, April 18, 1836
SANTA ANNA’S LOCATION DISCOVERED
Texas Army scouts Deaf Smith and Henry Karnes captured a Mexican Army courier who was carrying mail from Mexico City for delivery to Santa Anna. The messages the courier were carrying were in a leather saddlebag stamped “William Barret Travis”. The courier said he obtained the saddlebag when he passed through San Antonio de Bexar following the Battle of the Alamo. The messenger verified that Santa Anna was with a force of about 1,500 men near New Washington, Texas but on the move to the east.
-Don Gray
Today in Texas History
On the trail to Texas independence.
Apr 17, 1836 - After putting the town to the torch, Santa Anna left Harrisburg at 3 p.m. for New Washington. After a difficult crossing ove... View MoreToday in Texas History
On the trail to Texas independence.
Apr 17, 1836 - After putting the town to the torch, Santa Anna left Harrisburg at 3 p.m. for New Washington. After a difficult crossing over Sims Bayou, the army encountered Vince’s Bridge over Vince’s Bayou (near present day Pasadena, TX). The bridge was too shaky to handle the Mexican cannon, so second in command General Manuel Fernández Castrillón and a company of infantry were sent with the cannon around the headwater of Vince's Bayou. A terrific rainfall that evening, so General Santa Anna camped near William Vince’s cabin. Still no word from General Gaona, but he should be approaching San Felipe. General Urrea camped on the outskirts of the woods on the San Bernard River.
Texas government interim President Burnet boards the Flash and is taken, with the rest of the cabinet, to Galveston where they will remain for the duration of the war.
From the dispatches of Alexander Horton, Sam Houston's aide-de-camp:
"We continued to march along the muddy road to Harrisburg, resting for the night at the head of a little bayou about six miles from Harrisburg. The days are now rather hot and quite uncomfortable with all of the water around. We are close to a forced march, as we believe that we are on an intercept course with the enemy.
"As of this writing I have no confirmation of a report given by a civilian that Santa Anna himself has taken a small force and has rushed to Harrisburg to catch the new Texian government. The government had moved there from Washington, but had then departed for Galveston by way of Morgan’s point before Santa Anna‘s arrival. In an effort to catch the government, the Mexican army then proceeded to New Washington on Col. Morgan‘s point on Galveston Bay. The main body of the Mexican army is still on the Brazos at Thompson’s ferry. This is perhaps the opportunity we have been looking for, to confront the enemy while vulnerable with a decisive battle. The spirit of the men has risen to a higher pitch than I have witnessed on this whole campaign."
Today in Texas History
On the trail to Texas independence.
Apr 16, 1836 - After an all night march, the Mexican foot soldiers with Santa Anna’s company straggled into Harrisburg all day long. Almont... View MoreToday in Texas History
On the trail to Texas independence.
Apr 16, 1836 - After an all night march, the Mexican foot soldiers with Santa Anna’s company straggled into Harrisburg all day long. Almonte with 50 mounted men leave Harrisburg at 5 p.m. to go to Lynch’s Ferry and New Washington/Morgan's Point looking for government stragglers. About this time General Santa Anna sent dispatch to General Filisola to send General Cós with 500 "chosen" infantry. Gaona should be approaching San Felipe. General Urrea is marching from Matagorda to the San Bernard River.
The steamer Cayuga left Lynchburg early in the morning with the Provisional Government, bound for Galveston. Government transferred to the armed privateer Flash at Morgan's Point. President Burnet got off and spent the night at Morgan's Point. The Flash moved offshore about 2 miles in the direction of Red Fish Bar and spent the night.
From the dispatches of Alexander Horton, Sam Houston's aide-de-camp:
"Praise the Lord, we are moving against the enemy. May the justice of our mission be realized against the tyrant of the land.
"Due to an early morning rain, our march today did not begin until 10 a.m. It was three miles to Abram Roberts’ place near New Kentucky on Spring Creek and we stopped briefly. Mr. Roberts has served in the army and has been a staunch supporter of the cause. No one is sure if the General ordered the men to take the right fork which leads to Harrisburg and certain confrontation with the enemy, or if the head of the column simply turned on its own when Mr. Roberts pointed the way. The civilians traveling with the army did not follow, but continued on the left fork of the road to Liberty on the Trinity River. There was an incident involving Mrs. Mann. At Groce's’ she lent her oxen teams to pull the two cannons. She caught up with the army several miles after the turn and demanded her oxen back since she had understood that the army was going to Liberty and the eastern border. General Houston protested, but to no avail. She was quite forward in taking possession of her oxen and Wagon Master Capt. Rohrer took up the army protest. He sadly underestimated the conviction and determination of that woman. I am afraid that it has so broke his spirit that his effectiveness has been greatly weakened. Anyway, the day’s trip was on a level, boggy prairie that frequently gave way to wagon wheels. Even the General would assist in pushing the wagons out of the damnable mud. We arrived at dark at Burnett’s and fatigue kept the camp quiet all night."
Today marks 77 years since one of the most horrendous occurrences in Texas and U.S. history - The Texas City Disaster.
"The Texas City disaster was an industrial accident that occurred April 16, 1947... View MoreToday marks 77 years since one of the most horrendous occurrences in Texas and U.S. history - The Texas City Disaster.
"The Texas City disaster was an industrial accident that occurred April 16, 1947, in the Port of Texas City. It was the deadliest industrial accident in U.S. history, and one of the largest non-nuclear explosions. Originating with a mid-morning fire on board the French-registered vessel SS Grandcamp (docked in the port), her cargo of approximately 2,200 tons (approximately 2,100 metric tons) of ammonium nitrate detonated, with the initial blast and subsequent chain-reaction of further fires and explosions in other ships and nearby oil-storage facilities. It killed at least 581 people, including all but one member of the Texas City fire department. The disaster triggered the first ever class action lawsuit against the United States government, under the then-recently enacted Federal Tort Claims Act (FTCA), on behalf of 8,485 victims."
~ Wikipedia
The museum in Texas City is well worth the visit to view more history of the disaster.
409 6th Street N
Texas City, TX 77590
Today in US History
The 159th anniversary of the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln. (1865)
The 112th anniversary of the sinking of the RMS Titanic. (1912)... View MoreToday in US History
The 159th anniversary of the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln. (1865)
The 112th anniversary of the sinking of the RMS Titanic. (1912)
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Today in Texas History
On the trail to Texas independence
Apr 15, 1836 - Santa Anna reached William Stafford's plantation by noon and feasted until mid-afternoon. They burned to plantation and force... View MoreToday in Texas History
On the trail to Texas independence
Apr 15, 1836 - Santa Anna reached William Stafford's plantation by noon and feasted until mid-afternoon. They burned to plantation and force marched on to Harrisburg. The vanguard reached Harrisburg just before midnight. Three printers were captured, and it was learned that Burnet and his cabinet had left just a few hours earlier. Santa Anna has his army set fire to Harrisburg. Santa Anna learns that Sam Houston is still at Groce’s , with less than 800 men and two 4# cannons. General Vincente Filisola arrives at San Felipe in the morning and then headed south along the Old Fort road to link up with Sesma & Santa Anna.
General Filisola arrives at Old Fort to learn that Santa Anna has left for Harrisburg. General Sesma is still at Old Fort. General Gaona has not arrived at San Felipe yet. General Urrea left Matagorda, leaving 230 infantry and a 12 pound cannon to defend the place. Heading to Columbia on the Brazos River.
The Republic of Texas Interim Government, having been warned that Santa Anna was marching towards Harrisburg, left Harrisburg at noon by boat for Galveston. That night the Cayuga stopped at Lynch’s with President David Burnet, Temporary secretary of state Bailey Hardeman, acting secretary of war David Thomas & all inhabitants of Harrisburg. The Cayuga was towing the Schooner William and four open boats filled with evacuees. The Cayuga spent the night. Vice president Lorenzo de Zavala stopped at his house nearby.
From the dispatches of Alexander Horton, Sam Houston's aide-de-camp:
"Baker and Martin have arrived back at camp with their commands. Martin is particularly outspoken in his criticism of General Houston’s command. Martin’s impatience to fight and his frustration at having failed to prevent the enemy from crossing the Brazos has tested the friendship bond that once linked him with Houston. The General took the diplomatic approach by relieving Martin of command and “reassigning” him to organize the swelling band of civilian refuges following the army.
"Martin’s company continues with the army.
"This morning we left Donoho’s by way of the middle road. The upper road, or left fork, leads to Robbin’s Ferry on the Trinity River and then to Nacogdoches and Louisiana. The middle road leads to the Spring Creek settlement of New Kentucky and then on to Liberty on the Trinity. The lower road, or right fork, leads back to San Felipe on the Brazos. Colonel Sidney Sherman was in the lead with the Second Regiment. The march today was approximately eighteen miles on a nearly impassable muddy road. Although better disciplined and equipped now, the army is a pitiful sight to behold attempting to maintain its composure as it struggles its way through the mud. Upon arrival at Samuel McCarley’s place, any consumable livestock and crops were requisitioned and again, rail fences and post were used as firewood. The army how contains about 1,100 men.
"The camp is in great turmoil tonight as we grow closer to another decision point of turning south. The next fork would take us towards Harrisburg. Will we engage the enemy or continue our eastward fallback to the Trinity River? The General continues his silence and private company. The whole matter is quite taxing."
Today in Texas History
On the trail to Texas independence.
Apr 14, 1836 - Santa Anna, only 30 miles up the Brazos River from Harrisburg, learned that President Burnet and his advisors were there. He... View MoreToday in Texas History
On the trail to Texas independence.
Apr 14, 1836 - Santa Anna, only 30 miles up the Brazos River from Harrisburg, learned that President Burnet and his advisors were there. He decided to move one column of his army towards Harrisburg in the hope of capturing the interim government representatives. Santa Anna and his troops crossed the Brazos River at Thompson’s Ferry.
The secretary of state of the Ad Interim Government of the Republic of Texas writes from Natchitoches, Louisiana, of meeting U.S. Army General Edmund P. Gaines about his orders relating to his deploying troops in western Louisiana. Has heard of Indians in eastern Texas readying to aid Mexican forces in the Texas Revolution.
From the dispatches of Alexander Horton, Sam Houston's aide-de-camp:
"We had a short march today to this place (Donoho‘s Plantation). General Houston has recalled all of the army units to assemble at this point. Major Wiley Martin has communicated that he had inadequate forces to prevent the enemy from crossing the lower Brazos river, but that he gave a fine account of the forces at his command in numerous engagements. He is presently in route to this place, escorting some retiring families. He has about 46 men under his command.
"Mr. Donoho is not sympathetic to our cause, and therefore the men take every advantage they can of this man. Although he forbade them to cut timber for fires, the men are in the process of burning all of Donoho’s fence rails. Being dry, they make better firewood anyway. And to make matters worse, a party is planned for this evening in Donoho’s house. I suspect he will not put in an appearance as his health might become endangered.
"As to the direction of the march, and the plans for engagement, General Houston continues to be very quiet. I assume he fears enemy spies. He is waiting for the arrival of Baker and Martin’s commands to strengthen our numbers. In the meanwhile he has sent our more spies to properly assess the present strength and location of the enemy since much has happened recently. I am pleased that he has Rusk to consult with, as he takes no council from any others."
The Lone Star Republic
-Don Gray, reporting from Groce’s Plantation on the Brazos River, April 14, 1836
TEXAS ARMY FINISHED WITH DRILLS AND CROSSES THE BRAZOS RIVER
Today the Texas Army completed it two-day crossing of the Brazos River and is now on the river’s east bank. The army had been camped at Groce’s Plantation (west bank of the river) for the past two weeks while drilling for battle. The riverboat “Yellowstone” was used to help with the crossing of nearly 1,000 men and supplies. Following the crossings, the Yellowstone turned down river to aid in the evacuation of civilians to Galveston Island.
Sources report that large numbers of Mexican forces will be encountered about 20 miles downstream. The Yellowstone will be protected by large bales of cotton to shroud the passengers and crew from the Mexican Army’s small arms fire that is expected.
The Texas Army is marching to the southeast by way of the road to Harrisburg. Hundreds of civilians are accompanying the march, hoping that Sam Houston’s march will lead them toward the safety of the US and away from Mexican forces.
Some of Sam Houston’s officers reported that Houston’s continued refusal to attack the enemy may result in his ouster from commanding the troops. Houston refused to comment other than to say that he is keeping his own counsel and seeking no one’s advice.
-Don Gray
Today in Texas History
On the trail to Texas independence.
Apr 13, 1836 - Gen. Sesma joined Santa Anna at Old Fort from San Felipe. Sesma arrived. SA learns that the Texan government is at Harrisbur... View MoreToday in Texas History
On the trail to Texas independence.
Apr 13, 1836 - Gen. Sesma joined Santa Anna at Old Fort from San Felipe. Sesma arrived. SA learns that the Texan government is at Harrisburg. He changes his plans to attack Houston at Groce’s Ferry and instead to capture the government. Gen. Filisola finishes crossing the Colorado at AtasCósito. There is still no word from Gaona. Urrea took possession of Matagorda at 10 AM. Town was abandoned but the warehouses full of material.
Twin Sisters finally arrive at Groce’s Ferry and are turned over to Lt. Col. James Neill. A company of nine men were assigned to each cannon. The guns were unpacked and assembled. Additional shot was prepared. The crews began drilling on firing and reloading the guns.
From the dispatches of Alexander Horton, Sam Houston's aide-de-camp:
"The army has completed its move across the Brazos at 1 PM this afternoon and is preparing to march. General Houston holds few in his confidence at this time. The two six pound field pieces have arrived and have been assembled. Though few and small in size, I am sure that we can make them effective weapons for our cause.
"The General continues to fight rumors and makes a call for all freedom loving citizens to fight. Another open call was sent out this morning. Even Rusk issued a call for volunteers and to avenge the deaths of our murdered countrymen. It is estimated that the enemy does not exceed nine hundred men in this region and none are as far as the Trinity, as previously claimed. The General has likewise sent a dispatch to his friend Chief Bowles of the Cherokees in the Redlands urging them to remain neutral in the conflict. Word has been received that the Coushatta are assisting members of the runaway scrape as they travel through that region.
"A letter from the Acting Secretary of War was received today with unfavorable remarks about the conduct of this campaign. General Houston exercised great control in responding to those that would criticize without the knowledge of the true circumstances. The spectators would demand certainty and miracles yet retain their distance from the realities of the situation. One would wonder who was the worst enemy, the invading army or the critical politicians.
"General Houston has directed our scattered forces to assemble at the house of a settler named Donoho. It is apparent that we will be traveling east, to what objective is unknown."
Today in U.S. History
At 4:30 a.m. on April 12, 1861, Confederate troops fired on Fort Sumter in South Carolina's Charleston Harbor. Less than 34 hours later, Union forces surrendered. Traditionally,... View MoreToday in U.S. History
At 4:30 a.m. on April 12, 1861, Confederate troops fired on Fort Sumter in South Carolina's Charleston Harbor. Less than 34 hours later, Union forces surrendered. Traditionally, this event has been used to mark the beginning of the Civil War.
Today in Texas History
On the trail to Texas independence.
Apr 12, 1836 – President David G. Burnet and his cabinet barely escape the arriving Mexican army. Colonel Juan Almonte decides not to shoot... View MoreToday in Texas History
On the trail to Texas independence.
Apr 12, 1836 – President David G. Burnet and his cabinet barely escape the arriving Mexican army. Colonel Juan Almonte decides not to shoot the fleeing party.
Sesma receives orders to march to Thompson’s crossing at Old Fort to join Santa Anna. Filisola is still moving the baggage train across the Colorado River. No communications as to where Gaona is located. Urrea leaves Tres Palacios Creek and heads toward Matagorda. He and his troops travel five leagues from Cayce’s to the left bank of the Colorado River.
From the dispatches of Alexander Horton, Sam Houston's aide-de-camp:
"The order has been issued by General Houston that we are to cross over the Brazos to the east bank. The steamboat Yellow Stone and a small yawl have been impressed into service for that purpose. The first division of the first regiment under Col. Burleson will remain as the rear Guard until further orders are issued. The removal started at 10 a.m. this morning and will probably take a couple of days to effect.
"Volunteers continue to arrive. Peter Bell arrived yesterday on his 26th birthday, having walked up from Brazoria. Today, a Georgian by the name of Mirabeau B. Lamar arrived from Harrisburg. He reports that the provision government is still in that place. Lamar likewise reported that Capt. Smith had left Harrisburg on the 9th with two small iron cannons, assumed to be the six pounders previously landed at Velasco. They were being transported by horses and due to the conditions of the roads, Lamar passed the convoy on his way here. The field pieces should arrive tomorrow, if not later today. The spirit of the Artillery corp. is high."
The Lone Star Republic
-Don Gray, reporting from Fort Bend, Texas, April 12, 1836
SANTA ANNA PERSONALLY SEIZES CONTROL OF A FERRY BOAT
Today Santa Anna leaped from hiding in ambush and wrestled a slave controlling a ferry boat to gain control of a crucial ferry boat needed to cross the Brazos River at Thompson’s Crossing near Fort Bend. The Mexican Army is now using the ferry to cross some 2,000 troops across the river. The availability of the ferry to the Mexican Army will have a profound effect on their speediness in executing their drive of all Anglos from Texas.
-Don Gray
Today in Texas History
On the trail to Texas independence.
Apr 11, 1836 - Santa Anna found a crossing of the Brazos at Old Fort. It is called the Lower or Thompson’s Crossing. General Almonte spoke ... View MoreToday in Texas History
On the trail to Texas independence.
Apr 11, 1836 - Santa Anna found a crossing of the Brazos at Old Fort. It is called the Lower or Thompson’s Crossing. General Almonte spoke good English and convinced the ferryman on the opposite bank to come over to pick up some runaway scrape settlers. Having secured a crossing, Santa Anna sent orders to Sesma & Filisola to join him there. Sesma ceases the cannonade and leaves San Felipe. Filisola and Gaona have yet to arrive there. Filisola is crossing the Colorado River at the AtasCósito crossing with the help of General Woll. It will take him several days. Urrea finally finishes crossing his army across Colorado River at Cayce’s Crossing, which took five days.
Twin Sisters are still awaiting transport to the Texian Army at Groce’s Landing. Rain soaked trails are making progress difficult.
From the dispatches of Alexander Horton, Sam Houston's aide-de-camp:
"Word has been received that the enemy has crossed the Brazos at Thompson’s ferry. Capt. Martin has withdrawn his men and they are moving northward in order not to be trapped by the Mexican army. The General has consulted with Capt. Joseph Ross, the commander of the Yellow Stone, and has determined that upwards to 500 men can be transported downstream safely due to the protection provided by the cotton bales on board the steam boat. This would allow the army to surprise the Mexican army in the south. Another option is to transport the equipment and men over to the east bank and march to a favorable battlefield to confront the enemy. There are some rumors in camp that Houston might chose to head straight to the United States border in the hopes of forcing U. S. General Gaines to bring his trained troops to the aid of the Texian army.
"The sense of the camp is that a major action is building and it is hoped that General Houston will respond directly to the challenge. There has been much dissatisfaction among the troops, the men want action and do not fully appreciate the General’s insistence on drill, discipline and patience. It is whispered that several officers have offered themselves up as replacement for Houston if he does not act."
(Note)
The Yellow Stone steamed directly into the struggle for Texas, as General Santa Anna's army overwhelmed the Alamo and pushed General Sam Houston's force eastward. In April, 1836, Houston impressed the Yellow Stone into service in order to cross the flooded Brazos River.
Built: 1830-31, Louisville, Kentucky (order placed November 24, 1830).
Type: Sidewheel, wooden hull packet.
Size: 130' x 19' x 5' 5", 144 tons.
Engine: Single cylinder.
Boilers: Three boilers.
Paddlewheels: 18' diameter.
Cost: $8,950 ($4,000 contracted for the boat, $4,950 for the steam engine).
Picture: the Steamship Yellow Stone.
Today in Texas History
On the trail to Texas independence.
Apr 10, 1836 – General Antonio López de Santa Anna traveling south along the west bank of the Brazos River trying to find a crossing. He st... View MoreToday in Texas History
On the trail to Texas independence.
Apr 10, 1836 – General Antonio López de Santa Anna traveling south along the west bank of the Brazos River trying to find a crossing. He stops briefly at Madam Powell’s Place. (Elizabeth Powell, a widow with five children. Her house, a typical dog-run style for the era, was situated on the trail from Brazoria and Columbia to San Felipe in what is now Fort Bend county near where it crossed one of the routes to San Antonio.)Sesma and Tolsa continue to cannonade the Texians. General Vincente Filisola arrived at the AtasCósito crossing of the Colorado with the baggage & equipment. General Antonio Gaona’s position still unknown.
The interim Texas government is still dealing with matters of the new Republic at Harrisburg.
Twin Sisters (cannons) are in transit to the Texian Army at Groce’s. Difficult trail due to weather, water soaked prairie and not well travelled.
From the dispatches of Alexander Horton, Sam Houston's aide-de-camp:
"General Houston received a dispatch from Captains Baker, Kimbro, Wallace and Sutherlands stating that their position opposite San Felipe is quickly becoming indefensible. The enemy’s cannon has compromised the position. Thus far there has only been one casualty. The enemy is actively building barges in preparation of an assault upon the position and the Captains request permission to fall back. Houston has not responded as of yet to the request.
"It is becoming apparent that we must begin to act. A sizable Mexican force withdrew from San Felipe a few days back and was seen marching south. Obviously they are looking for a lower crossing on the Brazos. The situation with Capt. Wiley Martin and his defense of the Scroggins, Thompson and Old Fort crossings is not known. Martin was expecting to be reinforced by volunteers up from Velasco and Brazoria, but there is no confirmation of such reinforcement and that he will be able to hold those lower crossings. The Mexican General Urrea is known to be along the coast and might cross the Brazos further south at Velasco or possibly Brazoria and surprise Martin from the rear. Until General Houston decides what to do next, we can only drill and prepare ourselves for battle."
The Lone Star Republic
-Don Gray, reporting from Lynchburg, Texas, April 10, 1836
5,000 “RUNAWAY SCRAPE” REFUGEES CRAMMED INTO LYNCHBURG
More than 5,000 refugees are now crammed into emergency camp near Lynchburg on the San Jacinto River. The human toll of suffering is horrid. Virtually all of the Anglo populations between the Colorado and Trinity rivers are fleeing toward the Sabine River and US Territory to escape the four-prong advancing Mexican Army and it’s declared “War of Extermination”. The news of the execution of Col. Fannin’s 400 troops has created panic among the Anglo refugees. Due to the mass of people desiring to cross the San Jacinto River at Lynchburg, a wait of three days to cross by ferry is now the norm.
-Don Gray
Happy National Siblings Day!!
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